On 4 August 1914 war was declared between Britain and
Germany. Australian men downed tools and
signed up for the cause, many thinking it would only be a couple of months and
it would be over. Bryce Courtenay claims
in his introduction in ‘An Anzac’s Story’ that boot makers made a roaring trade
in adding height to men’s boots so they passed the minimum requirement. This is indicative of how patriotic men felt toward the Mother Country.
Like many Australian men my great uncle, Christian
Henry Schultz, known as Chris, was under age when he enlisted. Despite his enlistment paper work stating he
was eighteen and one month there is no record of his date of birth on the actual
paper work. However his birth certificate clearly states
21 February 1900 as his birth date, making him fifteen and five months. His attitude is summed up in a letter in August where he states “Well dear
parents if I possibly can go to war I will for I am eager for adventure.” I
am sure the enticement of six shillings or more a day helped too.
Chris was born in Amphitheatre, a small rural town in
northern Victoria, the eldest of what would eventually be a family of nine
children. The first five children were
born in Amphitheatre and Ararat with Sydney being the first born in South
Melbourne. They had moved there prior to his birth when his father, Henry began
working as a labourer in the city.
Occasionally throughout his letters Chris mentions
Dennistons and the “Dennistons boys”. Denniston & Co was a wholesale
clothing company in Flinders Lane, Melbourne from 1907-1938. He may have worked here prior to heading to
Ballarat for cadets as it wasn’t uncommon for boys to leave school early to
start working to help the family financially.
The sense of familiarity in his letters suggests this could have been
the case.
From correspondence written by Chris to his parents in
August 1914 it also appears he may have been a cadet in Ballarat. There
is no record of this on his army papers and the fact that he later signed up in
Melbourne would indicate he obviously left camp early and went home before
enlisting. He writes they are treated well, the locals
are good to them and
“I suppose Cheers and Gilbeys were surprised
to hear about me being in camp. Well, I
am glad to say that I have not touched drink since I have been in camp.”
Does this mean that at the age of fourteen Chris had a drinking problem?
Cadets were compulsory for boys from 1911 when changes were made to the Defence
Act by Prime Minister Deakin’s government.
On the advice of Field Marshal Viscount
Kitchener of Great Britain it was thought this would be a good way to train
boys in readiness for active service in later years.
Figure 1. Studio Portrait of Private
Christian Henry Schultz, Source: Australian War Memorial, Accessed 14 march
2018, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1018392.
Chris enlisted on 17 July 1915 in Melbourne and was
sent to Seymour, Ballarat then Broadmeadows for training. On 11 October 1915 he was deemed ready for
service and as part of the 11th Reinforcements, was soon to join the
14th Battalion returning to Europe from Gallipoli. He left Melbourne
aboard the troop carrier Nestor for Egypt. Chris wrote three letters to his family
whilst sailing, all indicate he was well and the conditions on board good. There were over 2000 on board and days were
spent doing drill, taking a turn on watch or relaxing.
The military records for Chris are eventful to say the
least. Every third or fourth line is an
offence recorded for being Absent Without Leave and one wonders how much pay he
actually got after the financial penalty was applied. Fortunately for Chris, Australia didn’t execute deserters like Britain
did. However, they did penalise with pay
reduction and extra duties.
After receiving further training in Egypt he was
considered ready despite his absences, and with the rest of his Battalion
sailed to Marseille then went by foot to Bailleul training camp. Some of the biggest battles with heaviest losses for Australia were to be
fought over the next two years on the Western Front. Under the command of Charles Dare and Albert
Jacka, Chris and ‘D’ Company fought bloody battles at Pozieres, Bullecourt’s
Hindenburg Line and Messine. Over 30,000 men were injured in these battles
alone.
Chris did not escape injury. On 14 August 1916 he was admitted to the 2nd
Field Ambulance in France with an ear infection. This is not surprising considering the mud and rotting bodies filling the
trenches. In July 2017 he was again injured with a
gunshot wound to his face and right arm, which was subsequently broken. He was admitted to the 83rd
General Hospital in Boulogne then transferred to the Queen’s Canadian Military
Hospital in England where he stayed for a month. He was later granted furlough but deserted
during that time for a week, returning to France by the end of December 1917. I
should think that after the three battles he had fought in he was very hesitant
to go back to France or Belgium.
January 1918 saw Chris back in hospital at Dartford,
England after being exposed to mustard gas. He again forfeited pay for being ‘A.W.O.L.’
and his personal letters indicate that he was having a fun time in Swansea,
Wales.
Mind you his fun time got him more than he bargained
for and he was admitted to the 1st Australian Dermatological
Hospital in Bulford in July 1918 with venereal disease.
Despite the earlier endeavours of people like Etti Rout and James
Barrett to see soldiers educated and given prophylactics to use, many soldiers
in France and England were not abstaining or taking precautions. Chris was one of over 43,000 soldiers from the AIF who were admitted to
hospitals for venereal disease between 1915 and 1918.
He neglects to mention this in his letters despite
being a prolific letter writer, he also writes little on the actual war; this
was not uncommon as letters were subjected to heavy censorship, yet some
soldiers still wrote their thoughts and about conditions. There is only one letter that mentions the conditions
in the trenches saying it was muddy and cold. In
a letter to both his parents he talks more about a girl and there is a passing
mention of “the baby crying”. This
letter was sent with another from the girl; Elsie White who introduces herself
and tells how excited she is to be meeting them soon and to be marrying their
son.
Another letter to his father in March 1918 he tells him he has met a
girl and is going to marry her in a couple of months.
He says,
“Well
Dad I don’t know what you will say but I hope you won’t think any the worse of
me when I tell you I am engaged to be married to a girl in south Wales. It practically all happened while I was on
furlough down at a place called Pontardulais.
I don’t know what made me do it Dad but temptation was great and I
fell. But I must say that both her people
and herself are very respectable and treated me like one of the family.”
Where the baby fits in I do not know, however records show an Elsie
White did give birth to a boy, Wilfred sometime between April and July in 1918
and there is no name recorded for the father. Could this be the reason for a
sudden marriage? The marriage did not eventuate as Chris’s mother obviously had strong feelings
regarding it.
A letter in late July states that he is going to wait until he is home
to find a nice Australian girl on Mother’s advice. One wonders where the connection between
weddings, girlfriends and venereal disease occurs and whether the wedding was really
actually off because of the venereal disease.
Another letter in November describes spending Armistice Day in London,
“They
were dancing in the streets and singing and the police had to chuck smoke bombs
among the crowds on the Saturday night to get them to go home.”
His correspondence was much like that of other soldiers, reminiscing
about food, family and coming home, with constant reassurances to his mother
that he is well and will be home soon. This was a common theme in all his letters, reassuring those at home that he is
well. His tone does change toward the
end when he talks more about how glad he is to be deemed as unfit to return to
the front and he hopes this will drag on for longer, to the point that he will
play on it to stay in England longer. By
the third year of letters it is evident he is very homesick, and understandably
so. He talks often about meals and what
he wants his sister Susie to cook for him when he gets home. His concern for all his family members is
admirable, even Dorothy and Albert who he hadn’t yet met.
Chris arrived home 2 March 1919 aboard the troop ship
City of Exeter and was discharged as medically unfit in the April of that year.
On returning he lived with his parents at 7 Rooding
Street, Brighton, Victoria until his marriage to Frances Ball in 1926. He is listed in electoral rolls as a
carpenter for the rest of his working life. Frances was partially deaf and
doesn’t appear to work anywhere other than at the home. They set up home in Carrum Downs at a house
called Billo in Mascot Avenue for several years before settling in at 14 Oak
Avenue, Boronia. They never had
children, which may have been a legacy of venereal disease, but they were
active members of his siblings’ families.
His nephews remember visiting Boronia in childhood.
A button among his possessions for the 14th
Battalion 1948 suggests he was a participating member of a reunion group as do
the medals he kept. These were the
standard issue of World War 1 medals; 1914/5 star
awarded to those serving before November 1915, the British War Medal and the
Victory medal. Pip, Squeak and Wilfred were nicknames given
to these medals after popular cartoon characters in the Daily Mirror newspaper.
Studies have been done looking at the connection
between heart disease and mustard gas victims and there appears to have been an
increase in heart issues in soldiers returning from World War 1 who were
affected by mustard gas. Whether Chris suffered post traumatic stress after the
war or further complications due to venereal disease is not known. It is highly
unlikely that he would have returned unscathed, particularly when you take into
account the very young age he was when he enlisted. Outwardly to family he appeared to be a happy
and functioning man who helped build his siblings’ homes and worked as a
carpenter builder until his early death at 65 of heart disease after several
years of heart issues.
This is a very short and abbreviated life story of Christian. To truly do him justice I would need to write thousands more words. However, this week we have remembered him and for the first time since his death his medals were worn proudly at dawn by his nephew, my father.